Ahnenforschung
Hier erhalten wird die Begrifflichkeit behandelt und erläutert. Um die Strukturen und Namenhaften NSDAP-Funktionäre einzusehen, wählen Sie aus den rechts stehenden Kategorien.
Das Dritte Reich
Darstellung der Nationalsozialisten - "Das Dritte Reich"Die Formulierung Drittes Reich ist vor allem als Propaganda-Begriff für das Deutsche Reich zwischen 1933 und 1945 in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus geläufig, hat jedoch eine viel ältere Tradition.
Herkunft des Begriffes
Der Begriff „Drittes Reich“ stammt ursprünglich aus der christlichen Theologie. Er wurde von dem chiliastischen Geschichtstheologen Joachim von Fiore (ca. 1135–1202) geprägt. Dieser entwickelte ein Weltbild, in dem drei Reiche einander folgen: das alttestamentliche „Reich des Vaters“, das gegenwärtige „Reich des Sohnes“ und schließlich ein ewig währendes „Zeitalter der Erlösung“ oder „Friedensreich des heiligen Geistes“. Dabei bezog sich Joachim auf die Offenbarung des Johannes, Kap. 20, v. 1–10. Auf diese endzeitliche Heilserwartung, derzufolge das „himmlische Jerusalem“ für ewig auf der Erde errichtet werden sollte, setzte auch König Franz I. von Frankreich, als er sich um die Kaiserkrone des Heiligen Römischen Reiches bewarb. Zum Zeichen dafür ließ er Schloss Chambord errichten, das sich in seiner Baugestalt und Symbolik ganz auf die in der Offenbarung des Johannes beschriebene Himmelsstadt bezieht.
Verwendung vor 1933
Vor der Gründung des Deutschen Reiches 1871 wurde unter „Drittes Reich“ eine dritte Lösung diskutiert, nämlich ein deutscher Staat, der nur aus den kleineren und mittleren Staaten bestehen sollte (Bundesstaat) und sowohl von Preußen wie von Österreich unabhängig sein würde.
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In Norwegen verwendete Henrik Ibsen den Begriff in seinem Theaterstück „Kaiser und Galiläer“ (1873) als Bezeichnung einer Synthese zwischen Heidentum und Christentum.
Gottlob Frege benutzte den Begriff 1918 im philosophischen Diskurs über die Existenz der Metaphysik.
1923 wurde mit dem Begriff Drittes Reich von konservativ-antidemokratischen deutschen Nationalisten, zuerst von Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, die Vision eines neuen, mächtigen Deutschlands umschrieben, das die Nachfolge der beiden vorherigen deutschen Reiche antreten sollte. Gemeint waren hiermit das im 10. Jahrhundert entstandene und 1806 aufgelöste erste „Teutsche Reich“ – das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation – und zum anderen das 1871 gegründete zweite Reich, das Kleindeutsche Kaiserreich. In seinem Buch Das dritte Reich beschrieb Moeller van den Bruck unter bewusster Anlehnung an Joachim von Fiore eine Verbindung aus Nationalismus und Sozialismus, die als so genanntes „Drittes Reich“ die Nachfolge des Kaiserreichs antreten sollte. Moeller ließ sich dabei insbesondere von Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski anregen.
Die Weimarer Republik wurde von den Nationalsozialisten als Zwischenreich bezeichnet, um deutlich zu machen, dass sie in der offiziellen Zählung keinen Platz hat. Außerdem wurde der Begriff Systemzeit für die Jahre zwischen dem „Zweiten Reich“ und dem „Dritten Reich“ verwendet. Mit Systemzeit oder Zwischenreich sollte in nationalsozialistischer Diktion das parlamentarische Regierungssystem des Deutschen Reiches von 1918 bis 1930/1933 gegenüber den autoritären deutschen Regierungssystemen, die als Reich anerkannt wurden, herabgesetzt werden. Erkennbar ist die mit dieser Diktion propagierte Erlösungsideologie (Tausendjähriges Reich), die an religiöse Vorstellungen (Chiliasmus) anknüpft.
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Verwendung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Das NS-Regime benutzte den Begriff nur eine Zeit lang. Am 10. Juli 1939 wies das Reichspropagandaministerium die reichsdeutsche Presse an, den Begriff Drittes Reich zukünftig zu meiden, weil Gegner des nationalsozialistischen Regimes dessen Ewigkeitsanspruch mit dem Begriff Viertes Reich persifliert hatten. Wörtlich hieß es in der Begründung: „Die tiefgreifende Entwicklung, die seitdem stattgefunden hat, wird dieser historisch abgeleiteten Bezeichnung nicht mehr gerecht.“ Am 10. Juli 1939 wurde der Wunsch Hitlers wiederholt, „den Begriff ‚Drittes Reich‘ nicht mehr zu verwenden“.
In der 29. Auflage der Geflügelten Worte von Georg Büchmann aus dem Jahre 1943 heißt es dazu: „Es waren weniger die nationalen Kreise selbst als ihre Gegner, die das Wort häufiger, und zwar mit einem hämischen Unterton gebrauchten. Adolf Hitler und die N.S.D.A.P. haben ausdrücklich nie von sich behauptet, sie würden das Dritte Reich herbeiführen, auch amtlich ist nur selten davon gesprochen worden. Trotzdem spricht man volkstümlich im In- und Auslande bis heute von der Zeit seit der Machtergreifung (30. Januar 1933) nur vom Dritten Reich.“
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Alternativbegriffe der Nationalsozialisten
Die Nationalsozialisten adaptierten auch den Begriff „Tausendjähriges Reich“, um nach der wechselvollen deutschen Geschichte eine Zeit der Kontinuität unter ihrer Herrschaft zu propagieren. Hierzu wird auch berichtet, dass Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei und Anhänger des Okkultismus, sich selbst als ‚Reinkarnation‘ von König Heinrich I. sah, der im Jahre 936 in der Pfalzkapelle (Bau I) auf dem Schlossberg zu Quedlinburg bestattet wurde. Zum 1000. Todestag des Königs im Jahre 1936 wurden die Wipertikirche und die Kirche St. Servatii auf dem Quedlinburger Schlossberg zur „Weihestätte der SS“ erklärt. Dies geschah, um eine direkte Linie zu den Nationalsozialisten zu ziehen, die „weitere tausend Jahre“ regieren wollten.
Am 21. März 1943 verlangte das Reichspropagandaministerium von der Presse die Verwendung der generischen Bezeichnung das Reich analog zur Verwendung des Ausdrucks Empire im Britischen Imperium.
Nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 wurde der Begriff „Großdeutsches Reich“ zunächst inoffiziell, ab dem 26. Juni 1943 dann als amtliche Staatsbezeichnung verwendet.
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Verwendung nach 1945
Trotz vereinzelter Kritik an einer nicht distanzierten Verwendung des Begriffs setzte sich die Bezeichnung Drittes Reich nach 1945 in der Umgangssprache, unter Historikern, in der Publizistik und im Geschichtsunterricht an den Schulen durch, da mit ihm prägnant Bezug auf das Deutschland während der Zeit der NS-Diktatur genommen werden konnte und die Nationalsozialisten keinen spezifischen Begriff für Deutschland in der Zeit ihrer Herrschaft etablierten. Alternative Beschreibungsversuche wie zum Beispiel „NS-Staat“ oder „Hitler-Deutschland“ waren wenig erfolgreich.
Kritik am Begriff
Im Juni 1931 mahnte Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy in der Zeitschrift Hochland, dass mit dem „Dritten Reich“ ein Begriff aus der christlichen Begriffswelt unstatthaft säkularisiert und auf ein weltliches Ersatzreich angewendet werde: An die Stelle eines wahrhaft umfassenden johanneischen Christentums trete bei den neuen Ideologen eine säkulare politische Engführung. Auch der monarchistische Publizist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn sprach dem Dritten Reich bereits in den 1930er Jahren die Berechtigung für die Bezeichnung „Reich“ gänzlich ab. Nach seiner Ansicht beinhaltete dieser Begriff nämlich eine Vielfalt an Kultur, Sprachen und Völkern des Heiligen Römischen Reichs, doch beinhalte die Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus genau das Gegenteil.
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Kommentar hierzu abgeben oder Artikel schreiben
Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 1998, S. 57 ? s. z. B. Das Dritte Reich. Dokumente zur Innen- und Außenpolitik, hg. v. Wolfgang Michalka, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag München 1985; Saul Friedländer: Das Dritte Reich und die Juden. Verfolgung und Vernichtung 1933 1945, zwei Bände, Verlag C.H. Beck München 1998 und 2006; Von der gedemütigten Nation zum Dritten Reich, Wissenstest auf stern.de; Das Dritte Reich eine weltgeschichtliche Zäsur. In: Geschichte und Geschehen Neuzeit. Sekundarstufe II. Ernst Klett Schulbuchverlag Leipzig, 1. Auflage 2005 u.ö.
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Quellenangabe
Quelle: Wikipedia, Eintrag: Drittes Reich (Autoren), Der Inhalt unterliegt der GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation
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