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„Machtergreifung“ und Aufhebung der Demokratie
Hitlers Ernennung zum Reichskanzler am 30. Januar 1933 wurde von den Nationalsozialisten als Machtergreifung gefeiert und von vielen Deutschen emphatisch begrüßt. Damit begann die in den Folgemonaten durchgesetzte NS-Diktatur. Mit seiner Regierungsbildung setzte Hitler auf ein Bündnis mit den alten Eliten: Nur drei Minister kamen aus der NSDAP, die übrigen waren Mitglieder der Nationalkonservativen.
Hindenburg löste den Reichstag am 1. Februar 1933 auf und setzte Neuwahlen an. In der Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutze des Deutschen Volkes am 4. Februar wurde die KPD verboten und erste Notverordnungen erlassen, die gegen Kommunisten und Sozialisten gerichtet waren und Presse-, Meinungs- sowie Versammlungsfreiheit einschränkten. Nach dem Reichstagsbrand vom 27. Februar 1933 erließ Hindenburg die Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat, die diese Grundrechte der Weimarer Verfassung noch stärker beschnitt.
Viele KPD- und SPD-Mitglieder wurden nun in „Schutzhaft“ genommen, interniert und zu Tausenden ermordet. Überall im Reich entstanden provisorische Konzentrationslager der „Hilfspolizei SA" in Turnhallen, Scheunen oder Kellern. Das erste spezielle KZ wurde in Dachau für sie errichtet und wie die weiteren KZs im ganzen Reichsgebiet zunächst als „Polizeimaßnahme" für Kriminelle gerechtfertigt. Einige „wilde“ KZs dieser Anfangsphase wurden später durch ständige KZs ersetzt. Einige abgetauchte Regimegegner gingen in den Untergrund oder konnten ins Ausland fliehen, als die Verhaftungswelle anlief. Die SPD bildete in Prag eine Führungsstruktur im Exil, die Sopade.
Bei der Reichstagswahl 1933 am 5. März 1933 verfehlte die NSDAP die absolute Mehrheit, verschaffte sich diese aber, indem Hitler die von der KPD gewonnenen Sitze vor der ersten Reichtagssitzung annullierte. Zudem beeinflussten anwesende SA-Mitglieder die Reichstagssitzungen.
Am 21. März 1933 inszenierten die Nationalsozialisten den Tag von Potsdam, um damit die Verbrüderung mit den Traditionen und Eliten Preußens zu demonstrieren und so weiteren Rückhalt im In- und Ausland zu gewinnen. Das so genannte Ermächtigungsgesetz vom 23. März gab der Regierung zunächst für die Frist von vier Jahren fast uneingeschränkte Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse. Es entmachtete die noch bestehenden anderen Parteien, die außer der SPD im Reichstag alle selbst dafür stimmten. Im Juli wurden auch sie verboten.
Die NS-Propaganda ersetzte die freie Presse und Kultur in allen Lebensbereichen. Die NSDAP erhielt viele neue Mitglieder, die die älteren Nationalsozialisten nach dem Wahltermin spotthaft als „Märzgefallene" bezeichneten.
Gleichschaltung
Dann begann die Gleichschaltung, das heißt Unterwerfung, Selbstunterwerfung und Angleichung aller gesellschaftlichen Organisationen und Institutionen unter das NS-Regime. Erster Schritt dazu war die Gleichschaltung der Länder, die alle hoheitlichen Aufgaben verloren. Ähnliche Maßnahmen betrafen bis Ende 1934 die meisten Vereine, Verbände, Gewerkschaften, Handwerkerschaft, Studentenverbindungen, Medien, Kultureinrichtungen und die Justiz. Viele der betroffenen Organisationen ordneten sich oft lieber unter als aufgelöst oder verboten zu werden. Parteiorganisationen der NSDAP begannen in vielen Bereichen die vormaligen Aufgaben staatlicher Stellen und nicht-staatlicher Interessenverbände zu übernehmen. Auf der anderen Seite entstanden innerhalb der nationalsozialistischen und der staatlichen Strukturen zahlreiche neue Ämter sowie Untergliederungen, deren Kompetenzen sich oft überschnitten.
Am 10. Mai fanden überall in Deutschland die Bücherverbrennungen von meist linksgerichteten, liberalen und als „entartet“ angesehenen Autoren statt.
Die beiden großen Kirchen waren anfangs von der organisatorischen Gleichschaltung ausgenommen. Die katholischen Bischöfe behielten durch das Reichskonkordat ihre Ämter und Bezirke, die evangelischen Landeskirchen schlossen sich vorbeugend im Juni/Juli 1933 zu einer Reichskirche unter Leitung eines Reichsbischofs zusammen. Jedoch spaltete sich die DEK dann in von Deutschen Christen (DC) beherrschte Landeskirchen und Gemeinden der Bekennenden Kirche. Die DC propagierten ein „judenreines“ Evangelium und waren dem Führer ergeben. In der BK sammelten sich Christen, die Übergriffe des Staates auf den Glauben und Ausschluss jüdischer Mitglieder ablehnten, aber selten den Nationalsozialismus als solchen bekämpften.
Organisation des Militärs
Mit der Reichswehr übernahmen die Nationalsozialisten die Streitkräfte der Weimarer Republik. Die Reichswehr war staatstreu und unterstützte die NSDAP bis zur Machtübernahme nicht aktiv, viele Soldaten waren aber selbst keine Anhänger der Republik, so dass sie diese auch nicht verteidigten. Die Reichswehr hoffte unter Hitler auch auf einen Fortschritt bei der Revision des Versailler Vertrages, die Führung der Reichswehr war schon am 3. Februar über die Pläne Hitlers informiert worden, Befürchtungen hatte sie gegenüber der SA. Bestrebungen innerhalb der SA die Reichswehr zu übernehmen, beendete Hitler durch die Niederschlagung des so genannten Röhm-Putsches, bei dem er die SA ausschaltete, da er die Reichswehr als für den Krieg besser geeignet ansah. An dieser Aktion war auch die Reichswehr beteiligt, sie tolerierte sogar die Ermordung zweier ihrer Generäle.
Am 3. August wurde die Reichswehr nach dem Tod des bisherigen Oberbefehlshabers, Reichspräsident von Hindenburg, auf die Person Hitlers vereidigt und damit zu einem Instrument Hitlers. Mit der Wiedereinführung der Wehrpflicht am 16. März 1935 wurde die Reichswehr in Wehrmacht umbenannt. Die Reichswehr wurde ausgebaut und modernisiert, 1939 hatte sie eine Stärke von 2,75 Millionen Mann.
Den Widerstand innerhalb der Wehrmachtsführung gegen seine Kriegspläne, mehr aus Zweifel an der Machbarkeit der Pläne als aus ideologischen Gründen, schaltete er durch die Fritsch-Blomberg-Affäre aus und schuf das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Der weiter vorhandene Widerstand konnte sich, insbesondere nach den ersten Kriegserfolgen, nicht durchsetzen. Die Wehrmacht tolerierte den Vernichtungskrieg gegen die Sowjetunion, Teile der Wehrmacht waren auch an Exekutionen beteiligt. Erst als Deutschland Niederlagen wie in der bei Stalingrad hinnehmen musste, versuchten Mitglieder der Wehrmacht im Attentat vom 20. Juli 1944 durch eine Beseitigung Hitlers ein Ende des Krieges zu erreichen.
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Quellenangabe
Quelle: Wikipedia, Eintrag: Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Autoren), Der Inhalt unterliegt der GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation
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